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Cette approche SLB est adaptée de Barnoud et al., 2023 ; https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023.
Les variations manométriques du niveau de la mer ainsi que leurs incertitudes ne sont pas fournies dans le cadre de l’approche SLB, en raison des fortes incertitudes associées à la dérive de la composante halostérique (p. ex. : Bouih et al., 2025 ; https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16813).</gco:CharacterString>
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Les variations barystatiques du niveau de la mer sont estimées à l’aide de l’approche du budget du niveau de la mer (SLB), qui combine l’altimétrie satellitaire avec des mesures in‑situ de la température et de la salinité de l’eau de mer.

Cette approche SLB est adaptée de Barnoud et al., 2023 ; https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023.
Les variations manométriques du niveau de la mer ainsi que leurs incertitudes ne sont pas fournies dans le cadre de l’approche SLB, en raison des fortes incertitudes associées à la dérive de la composante halostérique (p. ex. : Bouih et al., 2025 ; https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16813).</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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This SLB approach is adapted from Barnoud et al., (2023; https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023). Manometric sea level variations and their uncertainties are not provided for the SLB approach, due to the high uncertainties associated with the drift of the halosteric component (e.g., Bouih et al., 2025; https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16813).</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>Les variations BARYSTATIQUES du niveau marin représentent les échanges de masses d’eau des continents aux océans et vice versa. La fonte des calottes polaires et des glaciers continentaux constituent les principales sources de variation du niveau barystatique. A l'échelle interannuelle, les échanges d'eau douce avec les grands bassins hydrologiques (par exemple l'Amazone, Mississippi) sont également importants.

Les changements MANOMETRIQUES du niveau de la mer sont dus à plusieurs processus, incluant la circulation océanique et atmosphériques, les empreintes du niveau de la mer (sea level fingerprints en anglais) ou le cycle global de l'eau. Les modes climatiques, tels que l'oscillation australe d'El Niño, l'oscillation arctique, l'oscillation nord-atlantique ou le mode annulaire austral, influencent également de manière significative les changements manométriques du niveau de la mer.

L'estimation des anomalies barystatiques et manométriques du niveau de la mer est étendue à l'ère altimétrique (janvier 1993 - décembre 2020) en utilisant l'approche du bilan du niveau de la mer. Cette approche tire parti de la redondance des systèmes de surveillance des océans, en mesurant les variations géocentriques du niveau de la mer à l'aide de l'altimétrie radar par satellite, les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau de la mer à l'aide de la gravimétrie par satellite et les variations stériques du niveau de la mer à l'aide d'estimations in situ de la température et de la salinité. Chacune des trois composantes peut être estimée sur la base des deux autres. Par conséquent, les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau de la mer peuvent être estimées comme la différence entre les variations du niveau de la mer basées sur l'altimétrie et les estimations in situ des variations stériques du niveau de la mer. 

Références bibliographique
- Barnoud, A., Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A., Fraudeau, R., Rousseau, V., and Ablain, M. (2023). Revisiting the global mean ocean mass budget over 2005–2020, Ocean Sci., 19, 321–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023 
- Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. &amp; Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#FR">Les variations BARYSTATIQUES du niveau marin représentent les échanges de masses d’eau des continents aux océans et vice versa. La fonte des calottes polaires et des glaciers continentaux constituent les principales sources de variation du niveau barystatique. A l'échelle interannuelle, les échanges d'eau douce avec les grands bassins hydrologiques (par exemple l'Amazone, Mississippi) sont également importants.

Les changements MANOMETRIQUES du niveau de la mer sont dus à plusieurs processus, incluant la circulation océanique et atmosphériques, les empreintes du niveau de la mer (sea level fingerprints en anglais) ou le cycle global de l'eau. Les modes climatiques, tels que l'oscillation australe d'El Niño, l'oscillation arctique, l'oscillation nord-atlantique ou le mode annulaire austral, influencent également de manière significative les changements manométriques du niveau de la mer.

L'estimation des anomalies barystatiques et manométriques du niveau de la mer est étendue à l'ère altimétrique (janvier 1993 - décembre 2020) en utilisant l'approche du bilan du niveau de la mer. Cette approche tire parti de la redondance des systèmes de surveillance des océans, en mesurant les variations géocentriques du niveau de la mer à l'aide de l'altimétrie radar par satellite, les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau de la mer à l'aide de la gravimétrie par satellite et les variations stériques du niveau de la mer à l'aide d'estimations in situ de la température et de la salinité. Chacune des trois composantes peut être estimée sur la base des deux autres. Par conséquent, les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau de la mer peuvent être estimées comme la différence entre les variations du niveau de la mer basées sur l'altimétrie et les estimations in situ des variations stériques du niveau de la mer. 

Références bibliographique
- Barnoud, A., Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A., Fraudeau, R., Rousseau, V., and Ablain, M. (2023). Revisiting the global mean ocean mass budget over 2005–2020, Ocean Sci., 19, 321–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023 
- Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. &amp; Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">BARYSTATIC sea level changes are due to freshwater exchanges with the continents, including ice mass changes from Greenland, Antarctica and continental glaciers, as well as freshwater fluxes from continental areas (i.e. large river basins such as the Amazon or Mississippi).

MANOMETRIC sea level changes are due to several processes, including the atmosphere - ocean circulation, sea level fingerprints or global water cycle. Climate modes, such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation or Southern Annular Mode, have also been shown to significantly influence manometric sea level changes (e.g. Pfeffer et al., 2022).

The estimation of barystatic and manometric sea level anomalies is extended to the altimetry era (January 1993 - December 2020) using the sea level budget approach. The sea level budget approach takes advantage of the redundant ocean monitoring systems, measuring geocentric sea level changes with satellite radar altimetry, barystatic and manometric sea level changes with satellite gravimetry and steric sea level changes with in-situ temperature and salinity estimates. Any of the three components may be estimated based on the two others. As a consequence, barystatic and manometric sea level changes may be estimated as the difference between altimetry-based sea level changes and in-situ estimates of steric sea level changes. 

References:
- Barnoud, A., Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A., Fraudeau, R., Rousseau, V., and Ablain, M. (2023). Revisiting the global mean ocean mass budget over 2005–2020, Ocean Sci., 19, 321–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023 
- Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. &amp; Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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