767eb90f-8aa3-4bfd-81ba-f0d74db02c9e 2026-08-10T10:58:17.091251Z ISO 19115-3:2018 - Remote Sensing ISO 19115-3:2018 - Remote Sensing 1.0 WGS 84 (EPSG:4326) EPSG 7.4 APACHE: Analysis of climate feedback PArameter Changes from Heat Evolution 2025-02-23 creation 2026-02-10 publication a01-2024.006 1.0 This dataset provides an estimation of the climate feedback parameter and the climate sensitivity developed in collaboration by Magellium and LEGOS. It is based on the publication of Meyssignac et al., (2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00887-2) . The product is a crucial study on Effective Climate Sensitivity (ECS), focusing on the time variation of the climate feedback parameter (λ). Understanding λ is fundamental as it quantifies the Earth’s radiative response to changes in global average temperature. A less negative λ directly implies a greater climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations. The product addresses the high uncertainty in ECS by providing an observational estimate of λ temporal variations since 1970. Estimates are derived from the global energy balance equation, regressing the radiative response against temperature over periods longer than 25 years. Users are primarily interested in the time series of λ and its associated uncertainties. The input data for computing λ is provided in a secondary "extended product" for transparency, allowing users to rebuild the indicators. The final product, available as a NetCDF file, can be downloaded in open access and is licensed for any project or study. CDS-AVISO completed CDS-AVISO aviso@altimetry.fr pointOfContact CDS-AVISO distributor Magellium originator LEGOS/CNES originator CNES funder ESA funder https://sextant.ifremer.fr/geonetwork/AVISO/api/records/767eb90f-8aa3-4bfd-81ba-f0d74db02c9e/attachments/AVISO_APACHE_Figure_1c.png NetCDF-4 CF1.7 CDS-AVISO CDS-AVISO CDS-AVISO Centre de données ODATIS Centre de données ODATIS 2026-01-19 publication geonetwork.thesaurus.local.theme.odatis_centre_donnees Variables ODATIS Variables ODATIS 2023-10-13 publication geonetwork.thesaurus.local.theme.odatis_variables /Données d'observation/satellite /Données d'observation/satellite /Observational data/satellite Type de jeux de donnée ODATIS Type de jeux de donnée ODATIS 2025-12-09 publication geonetwork.thesaurus.local.theme.type_jeux_donnee Variations de masse barystatiques, Variations de masse manométriques Variations de masse barystatiques, Variations de masse manométriques Manometric sea level anomalies /Ocean Heat Budget Cersat - GCMD parameter Cersat - GCMD parameter 2024-01-04 publication geonetwork.thesaurus.external.theme.GCMDparameter Cersat - Platform Cersat - Platform 2025-12-09 publication geonetwork.thesaurus.local.theme.cersat_platform Hauteur de la surface de la mer Hauteur de la surface de la mer Sea surface height ODATIS aggregation parameters and Essential Variable names ODATIS aggregation parameters and Essential Variable names 2025-07-29 publication geonetwork.thesaurus.external.theme.NVS.OD1 Licence Ouverte Licence Ouverte Open Licence Licence Ouverte Licence Ouverte Open Licence "The Analysis of climate feedback PArameter Changes from Heat Evolution (APACHE) product (v1.0) is produced by Magellium and LEGOS/CNES teams and distributed by AVISO with support from CNES and ESA as part of the GIECCO project". Magellium, & LEGOS/CNES. (2026). Analysis of climate feedback PArameter Changes from Heat Evolution (APACHE) (Version 1) [Dataset]. CNES. https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/A01-2024.006 grid utf8 oceans -180.00 180.00 -90.00 90.00 1991-01-14 2005-12-31 0 0 L4 NetCDF-4 https://data.aviso.altimetry.fr/aviso-gateway/data/indicators/APACHE/ https://data.aviso.altimetry.fr/aviso-gateway/data/indicators/APACHE/ WWW:LINK Non authenticated access through HTTPS Non authenticated access through HTTPS https://tds-odatis.aviso.altimetry.fr/thredds/catalog/analysis-of-climate-feedback-parameter-changes-from-heat-evolution-APACHE/catalog.html https://tds-odatis.aviso.altimetry.fr/thredds/catalog/analysis-of-climate-feedback-parameter-changes-from-heat-evolution-APACHE/catalog.html WWW:LINK APACHE: Analysis of climate feedback PArameter Changes from Heat Evolution THREDDS THREDDS THREDDS https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0032.1 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--publication-URL Main publication link Main publication link Barnes, E. A., and R. J. Barnes, 2015: Estimating Linear Trends: Simple Linear Regression versus Epoch Differences. J. Climate, 28, 9969–9976 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v21i5.10109 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--publication-URL Main publication link Main publication link Budyko, M. I.: The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth, Tellus, 21, 611–619, 1969 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0565.1 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--publication-URL Main publication link Main publication link Chenal, J., Meyssignac, B., Ribes, A., and Guillaume-Castel, R.: Observational Constraint on the Climate Sensitivity to Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Changes Derived from the 1971–2017 Global Energy Budget, J. Clim., 35, 4469–4483, 2022 Chenal, J., Meyssignac, B., Ribes, A., and Guillaume-Castel, R.: Observational Constraint on the Climate Sensitivity to Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Changes Derived from the 1971–2017 Global Energy Budget, J. Clim., 35, 4469–4483, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3611.1 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--publication-URL Main publication link Main publication link Main publication link Forster, P. M. F., and J. M. Gregory, 2006: The Climate Sensitivity and Its Components Diagnosed from Earth Radiation Budget Data. J. Climate, 19, 39–52 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z WWW:LINK-1.0-http--publication-URL Main publication link Main publication link Main publication link Gregory, J. M., Griffies, S. M., Hughes, C. W., Lowe, J. A., Church, J. A., Fukimori, I., Gomez, N., Kopp, R. E., Landerer, F., Cozannet, G. L., Ponte, R. M., Stammer, D., Tamisiea, M. E., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: Concepts and Terminology for Sea Level: Mean, Variability and Change, Both Local and Global, Surv. Geophys., 40, 1251–1289, 219 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00887-2 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--publication-URL Main publication link Main publication link Main publication link Meyssignac, B., Chenal, J., Loeb, N., Guillaume-Castel, R., and Ribes, A.: Time-variations of the climate feedback parameter λ are associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 1–10, 2023 https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/fileadmin/documents/data/products/indic/APACHE/GIECCO-DT-136-MAG_PUM_climate_sensitivity.pdf WWW:LINK Web link (URL) Web link (URL) Web link (URL) User Guide https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/fileadmin/documents/data/products/indic/APACHE/GIECCO-DT-135-MAG_ATBD_climate_sensitivity.pdf WWW:LINK Web link (URL) Web link (URL) Web link (URL) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2024.006 https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2024.006 https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2024.006 DOI Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Les variations BARYSTATIQUES du niveau marin représentent les échanges de masses d’eau des continents aux océans et vice versa. La fonte des calottes polaires et des glaciers continentaux constituent les principales sources de variation du niveau barystatique. A l'échelle interannuelle, les échanges d'eau douce avec les grands bassins hydrologiques (par exemple l'Amazone, Mississippi) sont également importants. Les changements MANOMETRIQUES du niveau de la mer sont dus à plusieurs processus, incluant la circulation océanique et atmosphériques, les empreintes du niveau de la mer (sea level fingerprints en anglais) ou le cycle global de l'eau. Les modes climatiques, tels que l'oscillation australe d'El Niño, l'oscillation arctique, l'oscillation nord-atlantique ou le mode annulaire austral, influencent également de manière significative les changements manométriques du niveau de la mer Pfeffer et al., 2022). Les missions GRACE et GRACE Follow-On surveillent les variations temporelles du champ de gravité de façon quasi continue depuis 2002. De nombreux centres distribuent des solutions temporelles du potentiel gravitationnel de la Terre, fournies sous forme de coefficients de Stokes, connues sous le nom de solutions de niveau-2. Les solutions de niveau-2 doivent être corrigées de plusieurs effets géophysiques et erreurs instrumentales, converties en anomalies de masse de surface et projetées sur l'ellipsoïde. Les grilles d'anomalies de masse de surface qui en résultent, après application des corrections appropriées, sont appelées solutions de niveau-3. Plusieurs sources d'erreurs affectent les solutions des niveaux 2 et 3, imposées par la configuration du satellite, les erreurs instrumentales et les incertitudes dans les corrections géophysiques utilisées pour traiter les mesures. L'approche d'ensemble de Blazquez et al. (2018) est utilisée pour estimer de manière robuste les changements manométriques et barystatiques du niveau de la mer et leurs incertitudes. Références bibliographique - Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J.-M., Berthier, E., Ribes, A., Cazenave, A. (2018). Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophysical Journal International, 215 (1), 415–430, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293 - Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. & Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z Les variations BARYSTATIQUES du niveau marin représentent les échanges de masses d’eau des continents aux océans et vice versa. La fonte des calottes polaires et des glaciers continentaux constituent les principales sources de variation du niveau barystatique. A l'échelle interannuelle, les échanges d'eau douce avec les grands bassins hydrologiques (par exemple l'Amazone, Mississippi) sont également importants. Les changements MANOMETRIQUES du niveau de la mer sont dus à plusieurs processus, incluant la circulation océanique et atmosphériques, les empreintes du niveau de la mer (sea level fingerprints en anglais) ou le cycle global de l'eau. Les modes climatiques, tels que l'oscillation australe d'El Niño, l'oscillation arctique, l'oscillation nord-atlantique ou le mode annulaire austral, influencent également de manière significative les changements manométriques du niveau de la mer Pfeffer et al., 2022). Les missions GRACE et GRACE Follow-On surveillent les variations temporelles du champ de gravité de façon quasi continue depuis 2002. De nombreux centres distribuent des solutions temporelles du potentiel gravitationnel de la Terre, fournies sous forme de coefficients de Stokes, connues sous le nom de solutions de niveau-2. Les solutions de niveau-2 doivent être corrigées de plusieurs effets géophysiques et erreurs instrumentales, converties en anomalies de masse de surface et projetées sur l'ellipsoïde. Les grilles d'anomalies de masse de surface qui en résultent, après application des corrections appropriées, sont appelées solutions de niveau-3. Plusieurs sources d'erreurs affectent les solutions des niveaux 2 et 3, imposées par la configuration du satellite, les erreurs instrumentales et les incertitudes dans les corrections géophysiques utilisées pour traiter les mesures. L'approche d'ensemble de Blazquez et al. (2018) est utilisée pour estimer de manière robuste les changements manométriques et barystatiques du niveau de la mer et leurs incertitudes. Références bibliographique - Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J.-M., Berthier, E., Ribes, A., Cazenave, A. (2018). Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophysical Journal International, 215 (1), 415–430, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293 - Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. & Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z BARYSTATIC sea level changes are due to freshwater exchanges with the continents, including ice mass changes from Greenland, Antarctica and continental glaciers, as well as freshwater fluxes from continental areas (i.e. large river basins such as the Amazon or Mississippi). MANOMETRIC sea level changes are due to several processes, including the atmosphere - ocean circulation, sea level fingerprints or global water cycle. Climate modes, such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation or Southern Annular Mode, have also been shown to significantly influence manometric sea level changes (e.g. Pfeffer et al., 2022). The GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions monitor the time-variations in the gravity field almost continuously since 2002. Numerous centers distribute time-lapse solutions of the Earth’s gravitational potential, delivered as Stokes coefficients, known as Level 2 solutions. The Level 2 solutions need to be corrected for several geophysical effects and instrumental errors, converted into surface mass anomalies and projected onto the ellipsoid. The resulting gridded surface mass anomalies with appropriate corrections applied are referred to as Level 3 solutions. Several sources of errors affect the solutions of Level 2 and 3, imposed by the satellite configuration, instrumental errors and uncertainties in the geophysical corrections used to process the measurements. We use the ensemble approach of Blazquez et al., (2018), to robustly estimate the manometric and barystatic sea level changes and their uncertainties. References: - Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J.-M., Berthier, E., Ribes, A., Cazenave, A. (2018). Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophysical Journal International, 215 (1), 415–430, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293 - Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. & Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z Creation of the APACHE Climate Sensitivity product V1.0 2025-02-23