91f51509-324d-42c2-a4df-b19d5c9ac925 Copernicus Marine Service product specification CMEMS servicedesk.cmems@mercator-ocean.eu http://marine.copernicus.eu/ 2026-04-07T14:32:12.884483Z ISO 19139, MyOcean profile 0.2 2 false EPSG Iberia Biscay Ireland Ocean Heat Content Anomaly (0-2000m) time series and trend from Reanalysis & Multi-Observations Reprocessing OMI_CLIMATE_OHC_IBI_area_averaged_anomalies 2018-02-12 3.4 2026-03-31 91f51509-324d-42c2-a4df-b19d5c9ac925 '''DEFINITION''' The Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) Ocean Heat Content (OHC) indicator, OMI_CLIMATE_OHC_IBI_area_averaged_anomalies, provides estimates of OHC anomalies computed over the reference period 1993–2024. The values are integrated from the surface down to 2000 m depth, using a reference density of ρ₀ = 1030 kg·m⁻³ and a specific heat capacity of cₚ = 3980 J·kg⁻¹·°C⁻¹ (e.g., von Schuckmann et al., 2009). This variable is directly proportional to the average temperature change in the ocean. Averaged time series of OHC anomalies and their associated uncertainties are computed for the IBI region (26° N–56° N; 19° W–5° E) using the following Copernicus Marine products: * '''IBI-MYP''' & '''IBI-INT''': IBI_MULTIYEAR_PHY_005_002 (reanalysis and interim datasets) * '''GLO-MYP''': GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_031 (reanalysis) * '''CORA''': INSITU_GLO_PHY_TS_OA_MY_013_052 (in situ observations) * '''ARMOR''': MULTIOBS_GLO_PHY_TSUV_3D_MYNRT_015_012 (reprocessed observations) The figure displays the ensemble mean (blue line) and the ensemble spread (grey shading). Further details on the indicator and data processing are provided in the corresponding Product User Manual (de Pascual-Collar et al., 2026) and in de Pascual-Collar et al. (2023), von Schuckmann et al. (2016), and von Schuckmann et al. (2018). '''CONTEXT''' Change in OHC is a key player in ocean-atmosphere interactions and sea level change (WCRP, 2018) and can impact marine ecosystems and human livelihoods (IPCC, 2019). Additionally, OHC is one of the six Global Climate Indicators recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO, 2017). In the last decades, the upper North Atlantic Ocean experienced a reversal of climatic trends for temperature and salinity. While the period 1990-2004 is characterized by decadal-scale ocean warming, the period 2005-2014 shows a substantial cooling and freshening. Such variations are discussed to be linked to ocean internal dynamics, and air-sea interactions (Fox-Kemper et al., 2021; Collins et al., 2019; Robson et al 2016). Together with changes linked to the connectivity between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (Masina et al., 2022; Potter and Lozier, 2004), these variations affect the temporal evolution of regional ocean heat content in the IBI region. Recent studies (de Pascual-Collar et al., 2023) highlight the key role that subsurface water masses play in the OHC trends in the IBI region. These studies conclude that the vertically integrated trend is the result of different trends (both positive and negative) contributing at different layers. Therefore, the lack of representativeness of the OHC trends in the surface-intermediate waters (from 0 to 1000 m) causes the trends in intermediate and deep waters (from 1000 m to 2000 m) to be masked when they are calculated by integrating the upper layers of the ocean (from surface down to 2000 m). Among the different periods of interannual variability identified by the indicator, a sustained increase in OHC from 2023 onwards is particularly noteworthy. This short-term trend results in 2024 exhibiting the highest OHC value recorded in the time series. '''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS''' The ensemble mean OHC anomaly time series over the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland region is characterized by marked interannual variability and a a statistically significant ocean warming trend of 0.55 ± 0.3 W m⁻² (99% confidence interval). In addition, the final year of the time series (2024) exhibits the highest OHC value recorded, following a period of sustained warming that began in 2023. '''DOI (product):''' https://doi.org/10.48670/mds-00316 E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information IBI-NOW-MADRID-ES P0M0D0H/P0M0D0H N/A https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/IMG/OMI_CLIMATE_OHC_IBI_area_averaged_anomalies.png Oceanographic geographical features GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0 2018-07-27 geonetwork.thesaurus.external.theme.httpinspireeceuropaeutheme-theme numerical-model in-situ-observation Discipline 2025-12-09 geonetwork.thesaurus.local.discipline.myocean.discipline integral_wrt_depth_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content Climate and Forecast Standard Names 2017-04-04 geonetwork.thesaurus.external.parameter.myocean.ocean-variables multi-year Temporal scale 2025-12-09 geonetwork.thesaurus.local.temporal-scale.myocean.temporal-scale marine-resources coastal-marine-environment marine-safety weather-climate-and-seasonal-forecasting Area of benefit 2025-12-09 geonetwork.thesaurus.local.area-of-benefit.myocean.area-of-benefit iberian-biscay-irish-seas Reference Geographical Areas 2025-12-09 geonetwork.thesaurus.local.reference-geographical-area.myocean.reference-geographical-area N/A Processing level 2025-12-09 geonetwork.thesaurus.local.processing-level.myocean.processing-level Not Applicable Model assimilation 2016-02-03 geonetwork.thesaurus.external.theme.myocean.model-assimilation See Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Data commitments and licence at: http://marine.copernicus.eu/web/27-service-commitments-and-licence.php No limitations on public access Collins M., M. Sutherland, L. Bouwer, S.-M. Cheong, T. Frölicher, H. Jacot Des Combes, M. Koll Roxy, I. Losada, K. McInnes, B. Ratter, E. Rivera-Arriaga, R.D. Susanto, D. Swingedouw, and L. Tibig (2019): Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risk. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 589–655. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.008. 2019-05-08 de Pascual-Collar, A., Aznar, R., Amo, A., Sotillo, M. G., Ciliberti, S., (2026): EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Ocean Heat Content (0-2000m). Issue 1.1, Mercator Ocean International, https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/PUM/CMEMS-OMI-PUM-OHC-IBI.pdf. 2019-05-08 de Pascual-Collar, Á., Aznar, R., Levier, B., and García-Sotillo, M., (2023): Ocean heat content in the Iberian–Biscay–Ireland regional seas, in: 7th edition of the Copernicus Ocean State Report (OSR7), edited by: von Schuckmann, K., Moreira, L., Le Traon, P.-Y., Grégoire, M., Marcos, M., Staneva, J., Brasseur, P., Garric, G., Lionello, P., Karstensen, J., and Neukermans, G., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 1-osr7, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-9-2023. 2019-05-08 Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu (2021): Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.011 2019-05-08 IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. (2019). In H. O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, & N. M. Weyer (Eds.), IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ 2019-05-08 Masina, S., Pinardi, N., Cipollone, A., Banerjee, D. S., Lyubartsev, V., von Schuckmann, K., Jackson, L., Escudier, R., Clementi, E., Aydogdu, A. and Iovino D., (2022). The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation forcing the mean se level in the Mediterranean Sea through the Gibraltar transport. In: Copernicus Ocean State Report, Issue 6, Journal of Operational Oceanography,15:sup1, s119–s126; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2022.2095169 2019-05-08 Potter, R. A., and Lozier, M. S. (2004): On the warming and salinification of the Mediterranean outflow waters in the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 1–4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018161 2019-05-08 Robson, J., Ortega, P., Sutton, R., (2016): A reversal of climatic trends in the North Atlantic since 2005. Nature Geosci 9, 513–517. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2727. 2019-05-08 von Schuckmann, K., F. Gaillard and P.-Y. Le Traon, (2009): Global hydrographic variability patterns during 2003-2008, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, C09007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005237 2019-05-08 von Schuckmann, K., Le Traon, P. Y., Alvarez-Fanjul, E., Axell, L., Balmaseda, M., Breivik, L. A., … Verbrugge, N. (2016). The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 9(sup2), s235–s320. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2016.1273446 2019-05-08 von Schuckmann, K., Le Traon, P.-Y., Smith, N., Pascual, A., Brasseur, P., Fennel, K., Djavidnia, S., Aaboe, S., Fanjul, E. A., Autret, E., Axell, L., Aznar, R., Benincasa, M., Bentamy, A., Boberg, F., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Nardelli, B. B., Brando, V. E., Bricaud, C., … Zuo, H. (2018). Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 11(sup1), S1–S142. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1489208 2019-05-08 01f363ac-2c1f-4d9f-bf92-b59645454adc de22ee66-d0a9-4e38-86d0-ff9c21378e57 cf6684bf-ffd1-48ef-81d0-e9999cc9d166 WCRP (2018): Global sea-level budget 1993–present. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10(3), 1551–1590. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018 2019-05-08 WMO, (2017): World Meterological Organisation Bulletin, 66(2), https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin. 2019-05-08 eng oceans bounding box -19.00 5.00 26.00 56.00 Yearly-mean 1993-01-01 2024-12-31 0 -2000.0 display priority: 57500 observation temporal resolution: annual mean vertical level number: 0 false Point series NetCDF-4 http://stac.marine.copernicus.eu/metadata/OMI_CLIMATE_OHC_IBI_area_averaged_anomalies/omi_climate_ohc_ibi_area_averaged_anomalies_202603/dataset.stac.json WWW:STAC omi_climate_ohc_ibi_area_averaged_anomalies For accessing native data and Analysis-ready Cloud-optimized data services, consult this STAC metadata endpoint COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1089/2010 of 23 November 2010 implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards interoperability of spatial data sets and services 2010-12-08 See the referenced specification The myOcean products depends on other products for production or validation. The detailed list of dependencies is given in ISO19115's aggregationInfo (ISO19139 Xpath = "gmd:MD_Metadata/gmd:identificationInfo/gmd:aggregationInfo[./gmd:MD_AggregateInformation/gmd:initiativeType/gmd:DS_InitiativeTypeCode/@codeListValue='upstream-validation' or 'upstream-production']")