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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">Barystatic and manometric sea level variations based on satellite gravimetry</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau marin représentent la composante de masse des variations du niveau marin aux échelles globale et régionale respectivement. Les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau marin sont estimées ici à partir de la gravimétrie, issues des mesures des missions de gravimétrie spatiale GRACE et GRACE - Follow On.

Deux produits sont distribués :
- Les variations barystatiques du niveau de la mer à partir de la gravimétrie : séries temporelles mensuelles
- Les variations manométriques du niveau de la mer à partir de la gravimétrie : grilles mensuelles 1x1°

Les missions GRACE et GRACE Follow-On surveillent les variations temporelles du champ de gravité de façon quasi continue depuis 2002. De nombreux centres distribuent des solutions temporelles du potentiel gravitationnel de la Terre, fournies sous forme de coefficients de Stokes, connues sous le nom de solutions de niveau-2. Les solutions de niveau-2 doivent être corrigées de plusieurs effets géophysiques et erreurs instrumentales, converties en anomalies de masse de surface et projetées sur l'ellipsoïde. Les grilles d'anomalies de masse de surface qui en résultent, après application des corrections appropriées, sont appelées solutions de niveau-3. Plusieurs sources d'erreurs affectent les solutions des niveaux 2 et 3, imposées par la configuration du satellite, les erreurs instrumentales et les incertitudes dans les corrections géophysiques utilisées pour traiter les mesures. L'approche ensembliste de Blazquez et al. (2018 ; https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293) est utilisée pour estimer de manière robuste les changements manométriques et barystatiques du niveau de la mer et leurs incertitudes.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#FR">Les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau marin représentent la composante de masse des variations du niveau marin aux échelles globale et régionale respectivement. Les variations barystatiques et manométriques du niveau marin sont estimées ici à partir de la gravimétrie, issues des mesures des missions de gravimétrie spatiale GRACE et GRACE - Follow On.

Deux produits sont distribués :
- Les variations barystatiques du niveau de la mer à partir de la gravimétrie : séries temporelles mensuelles
- Les variations manométriques du niveau de la mer à partir de la gravimétrie : grilles mensuelles 1x1°

Les missions GRACE et GRACE Follow-On surveillent les variations temporelles du champ de gravité de façon quasi continue depuis 2002. De nombreux centres distribuent des solutions temporelles du potentiel gravitationnel de la Terre, fournies sous forme de coefficients de Stokes, connues sous le nom de solutions de niveau-2. Les solutions de niveau-2 doivent être corrigées de plusieurs effets géophysiques et erreurs instrumentales, converties en anomalies de masse de surface et projetées sur l'ellipsoïde. Les grilles d'anomalies de masse de surface qui en résultent, après application des corrections appropriées, sont appelées solutions de niveau-3. Plusieurs sources d'erreurs affectent les solutions des niveaux 2 et 3, imposées par la configuration du satellite, les erreurs instrumentales et les incertitudes dans les corrections géophysiques utilisées pour traiter les mesures. L'approche ensembliste de Blazquez et al. (2018 ; https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293) est utilisée pour estimer de manière robuste les changements manométriques et barystatiques du niveau de la mer et leurs incertitudes.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                  <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">Barystatic and manometric sea level changes represent the mass component of sea level changes at global and regional scales, respectively. Barystatic and manometric sea level changes are estimated using the satellite gravimetry measurements from the GRACE and GRACE-FO missions.

Barystatic sea level changes are due to freshwater exchanges with the continents, including ice mass changes from Greenland, Antarctica and continental glaciers, as well as freshwater fluxes from continental areas (i.e. large river basins such as the Amazon or Mississippi).

Manometric sea level changes are due to several processes, including the atmosphere - ocean circulation, sea level fingerprints or global water cycle. Climate modes, such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation or Southern Annular Mode, have also been shown to significantly influence manometric sea level variations (e.g., Pfeffer et al., 2022; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z).

Two products are distributed:
- Barystatic sea level changes from satellite gravimetry with uncertainties at 1-sigma: monthly time series,
- Manometric sea level changes from satellite gravimetry with uncertainties at 1-sigma: monthly grids with 1x1 degree.

The GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions monitor the time-variations in the gravity field almost continuously since 2002. Numerous centers distribute time-lapse solutions of the Earth’s gravitational potential, delivered as Stokes coefficients, known as Level-2 solutions. The Level-2 solutions need to be corrected for several geophysical effects and instrumental errors, converted into surface mass anomalies and projected onto the ellipsoid. The resulting gridded surface mass anomalies with appropriate corrections applied are referred to as Level-3 solutions. Several sources of errors affect the solutions of Level-2 and-3, imposed by the satellite configuration, instrumental errors and uncertainties in the geophysical corrections used to process the measurements. We use the ensemble approach of Blazquez et al., (2018; https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293), to robustly estimate the manometric and barystatic sea level changes and their uncertainties.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>Les variations BARYSTATIQUES du niveau marin représentent les échanges de masses d’eau des continents aux océans et vice versa. La fonte des calottes polaires et des glaciers continentaux constituent les principales sources de variation du niveau barystatique. A l'échelle interannuelle, les échanges d'eau douce avec les grands bassins hydrologiques (par exemple l'Amazone, Mississippi) sont également importants.

Les changements MANOMETRIQUES du niveau de la mer sont dus à plusieurs processus, incluant la circulation océanique et atmosphériques, les empreintes du niveau de la mer (sea level fingerprints en anglais) ou le cycle global de l'eau. Les modes climatiques, tels que l'oscillation australe d'El Niño, l'oscillation arctique, l'oscillation nord-atlantique ou le mode annulaire austral, influencent également de manière significative les changements manométriques du niveau de la mer Pfeffer et al., 2022).

Les missions GRACE et GRACE Follow-On surveillent les variations temporelles du champ de gravité de façon quasi continue depuis 2002. De nombreux centres distribuent des solutions temporelles du potentiel gravitationnel de la Terre, fournies sous forme de coefficients de Stokes, connues sous le nom de solutions de niveau-2. Les solutions de niveau-2 doivent être corrigées de plusieurs effets géophysiques et erreurs instrumentales, converties en anomalies de masse de surface et projetées sur l'ellipsoïde. Les grilles d'anomalies de masse de surface qui en résultent, après application des corrections appropriées, sont appelées solutions de niveau-3. Plusieurs sources d'erreurs affectent les solutions des niveaux 2 et 3, imposées par la configuration du satellite, les erreurs instrumentales et les incertitudes dans les corrections géophysiques utilisées pour traiter les mesures. L'approche d'ensemble de Blazquez et al. (2018) est utilisée pour estimer de manière robuste les changements manométriques et barystatiques du niveau de la mer et leurs incertitudes. 

Références bibliographique
- Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J.-M., Berthier, E., Ribes, A., Cazenave, A. (2018). Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophysical Journal International, 215 (1), 415–430, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293
- Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. &amp; Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#FR">Les variations BARYSTATIQUES du niveau marin représentent les échanges de masses d’eau des continents aux océans et vice versa. La fonte des calottes polaires et des glaciers continentaux constituent les principales sources de variation du niveau barystatique. A l'échelle interannuelle, les échanges d'eau douce avec les grands bassins hydrologiques (par exemple l'Amazone, Mississippi) sont également importants.

Les changements MANOMETRIQUES du niveau de la mer sont dus à plusieurs processus, incluant la circulation océanique et atmosphériques, les empreintes du niveau de la mer (sea level fingerprints en anglais) ou le cycle global de l'eau. Les modes climatiques, tels que l'oscillation australe d'El Niño, l'oscillation arctique, l'oscillation nord-atlantique ou le mode annulaire austral, influencent également de manière significative les changements manométriques du niveau de la mer Pfeffer et al., 2022).

Les missions GRACE et GRACE Follow-On surveillent les variations temporelles du champ de gravité de façon quasi continue depuis 2002. De nombreux centres distribuent des solutions temporelles du potentiel gravitationnel de la Terre, fournies sous forme de coefficients de Stokes, connues sous le nom de solutions de niveau-2. Les solutions de niveau-2 doivent être corrigées de plusieurs effets géophysiques et erreurs instrumentales, converties en anomalies de masse de surface et projetées sur l'ellipsoïde. Les grilles d'anomalies de masse de surface qui en résultent, après application des corrections appropriées, sont appelées solutions de niveau-3. Plusieurs sources d'erreurs affectent les solutions des niveaux 2 et 3, imposées par la configuration du satellite, les erreurs instrumentales et les incertitudes dans les corrections géophysiques utilisées pour traiter les mesures. L'approche d'ensemble de Blazquez et al. (2018) est utilisée pour estimer de manière robuste les changements manométriques et barystatiques du niveau de la mer et leurs incertitudes. 

Références bibliographique
- Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J.-M., Berthier, E., Ribes, A., Cazenave, A. (2018). Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophysical Journal International, 215 (1), 415–430, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293
- Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. &amp; Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">BARYSTATIC sea level changes are due to freshwater exchanges with the continents, including ice mass changes from Greenland, Antarctica and continental glaciers, as well as freshwater fluxes from continental areas (i.e. large river basins such as the Amazon or Mississippi).

MANOMETRIC sea level changes are due to several processes, including the atmosphere - ocean circulation, sea level fingerprints or global water cycle. Climate modes, such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation or Southern Annular Mode, have also been shown to significantly influence manometric sea level changes (e.g. Pfeffer et al., 2022).

The GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions monitor the time-variations in the gravity field almost continuously since 2002. Numerous centers distribute time-lapse solutions of the Earth’s gravitational potential, delivered as Stokes coefficients, known as Level 2 solutions. The Level 2 solutions need to be corrected for several geophysical effects and instrumental errors, converted into surface mass anomalies and projected onto the ellipsoid. The resulting gridded surface mass anomalies with appropriate corrections applied are referred to as Level 3 solutions. Several sources of errors affect the solutions of Level 2 and 3, imposed by the satellite configuration, instrumental errors and uncertainties in the geophysical corrections used to process the measurements. We use the ensemble approach of Blazquez et al., (2018), to robustly estimate the manometric and barystatic sea level changes and their uncertainties. 

References:
- Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J.-M., Berthier, E., Ribes, A., Cazenave, A. (2018). Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophysical Journal International, 215 (1), 415–430, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293
- Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A. &amp; Barnoud, A. (2022). Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans. Clim Dyn 58, 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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