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            <gco:CharacterString>Variations régionales du contenu en chaleur de l'océan Atlantique avec l'approche géodésique spatiale : "4DAtlantic-OHC"
Le "Contenu en chaleur de l'océan" (ou OHC pour "Ocean Heat Content") est estimé à partir de la mesure de la dilatation thermique de l'océan basée sur les différences entre le contenu total du niveau de la mer dérivé des mesures altimétriques et le contenu massique dérivé des données gravimétriques, noté «altimétrie-gravimétrie».

Sont disponibles :
- les grilles mensuelles des variations de l'OHC (1°x1°)
- les tendances de l'OHC et incertitudes.

La stratégie établie à l'échelle globale (voir fiche de métadonnées associée "Contenu en Chaleur de l'Océan (OHC) et déséquilibre énergétique de la Terre (EEI)") a été étendue et développée à l'échelle régionale à la fois pour la génération de données et l'estimation des incertitudes. En particulier, les variations halostériques du niveau de la mer dues aux variations de la salinité qui ne sont pas négligeables régionalement sont prises en compte dans la chaîne de traitement. Elles sont estimées à partir des données in situ et sont ensuite retirées des variations stériques du niveau de la mer "altimétrie - gravimétrie".
Les versions 1 et 2 du produit étaient seulement disponibles sur l'Océan Atlantique, alors que la version 3 est désormais disponible sur l'Océan global.

À partir de l'équation du bilan du niveau de la mer, la variation thermostérique du niveau de la mer est calculée selon  :
ΔSLthermosteric = ΔSLtotal - ΔSLmass - ΔSLhalosteric
Avec ΔSLtotal : à partir de données d'altimétrie spatiale provenant du Copernicus Climate Change Service.
ΔSLmass : données de Gravimétrie spatiale de GRACE(-FO), mise à jour de Blazquez et al. 2018
ΔSLhalosteric : données in situ, à partir d'Argo, combinaison de ISAS20 (0-2000m) et EN4.2.2.l09 (en-dessous de 2000m)

La variation de l'OHC est calculée à l'échelle régionale en divisant la variation thermostérique du niveau de la mer par le coefficient d'efficacité d'expansion intégrée de la chaleur (IEEH) : elle exprime la variation de la densité de l'océan due à l'absorption de chaleur et est estimée à partir des mesures in situ de la température et de la salinité. Les incertitudes sur les changements de l'OHC sont estimées par propagation des incertitudes à partir des données d'entrée jusqu'au changement de l'OHC.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>La stratégie établie à l'échelle globale (cf fiche de métadonnées associée "Contenu en Chaleur de l'Océan (OHC) et déséquilibre énergétique de la Terre (EEI)") a été étendue et développée à l'échelle régionale à la fois pour la génération de données et l'estimation des incertitudes. En particulier, les variations halostériques du niveau de la mer dues aux variations de la salinité qui ne sont pas négligeables régionalement sont prises en compte dans la chaîne de traitement. Elles sont estimées à partir des données in situ et sont ensuite retirées des variations stériques du niveau de la mer "altimétrie - gravimétrie".

À partir de l'équation du bilan du niveau de la mer, la variation thermostérique du niveau de la mer est calculée selon  :
ΔSLthermosteric = ΔSLtotal - ΔSLmass - ΔSLhalosteric
Avec ΔSLtotal : à partir de données d'altimétrie spatiale provenant du Copernicus Climate Change Service.
ΔSLmass : données de Gravimétrie spatiale de GRACE(-FO), mise à jour de Blazquez et al. 2018
ΔSLhalosteric : données in situ, à partir d'Argo, combinaison de ISAS20 (0-2000m) et EN4.2.2.l09 (en-dessous de 2000m)

La variation de l'OHC est calculée à l'échelle régionale en divisant la variation thermostérique du niveau de la mer par le coefficient d'efficacité d'expansion intégrée de la chaleur (IEEH) : elle exprime la variation de la densité de l'océan due à l'absorption de chaleur et est estimée à partir des mesures in situ de la température et de la salinité. Les incertitudes sur les changements de l'OHC sont estimées par propagation des incertitudes à partir des données d'entrée jusqu'au changement de l'OHC. 

Des activités de validation ont été menées dans la région de l'Atlantique Nord subtropical (SPNA) (Figure 4) et dans la région de l'Atlantique Nord subpolaire (SNA) (Figure 5) avec des données in situ Argo. De plus, l'utilisation de données in situ des sections de mouillage RAPID et A25-OVIDE met en évidence une bonne cohérence des tendances de l'OHC avec le produit géodésique spatial.

Références:
Ablain et al., OSTST 2022: Monitoring the regional heat content change over the Atlantic Ocean with the space geodetic approach: the 4DATLANTIC-OHC project. https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a03-2022.3417

Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J., Berthier, E., Ribes, A. and Cazenave, A. (2018) Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophys. J. Int., 215(1), 415–430,  https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293

Marti, F., Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Ablain, M., Barnoud, A., Fraudeau, R., Jugier, R., Chenal, J., Larnicol, G., Pfeffer, J., Restano, M., and Benveniste, J.(2021) : Monitoring the ocean heat content change and the Earth energy imbalance from space altimetry and space gravimetry, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 1–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-220 .

Meyssignac, B., Boyer, T., Zhao, Z., Hakuba, M. Z., Landerer, F. W., Stammer, D., Köhl, A., Kato, S., L’Ecuyer, T., Ablain, M., Abraham, J. P., Blazquez, A., Cazenave, A., Church, J. A., Cowley, R., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Giglio, D., Gouretski, V., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Killick, R. E., Legler, D., Llovel, W., Lyman, J., Palmer, M. D., Piotrowicz, S., Purkey, S. G., Roemmich, D., Roca, R., Savita, A., Schuckmann, K. von, Speich, S., Stephens, G., Wang, G., Wijffels, S. E., Zilberman, N. (2019) Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00432, 2019.</gco:CharacterString>
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