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                  <gco:CharacterString>Contenu en Chaleur de l'Océan (OHC) et déséquilibre énergétique de la Terre (EEI)</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#FR">Contenu en Chaleur de l'Océan (OHC) et déséquilibre énergétique de la Terre (EEI)</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">Ocean heat content (OHC) and earth energy imbalance (EEI)</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Le "Contenu en chaleur de l'océan" (ou OHC pour "Ocean Heat Content") est estimé à partir de la mesure de la dilatation thermique de l'océan basée sur les différences entre le contenu total du niveau de la mer dérivé des mesures altimétriques et le contenu massique dérivé des données gravimétriques, noté «altimétrie-gravimétrie».
L'indicateur "Déséquilibre énergétique de la Terre" (ou EEI pour "Earth Energy Imbalance") est obtenu à partir des variations temporelles du contenu en chaleur de l'océan (OHC), c'est-à-dire en calculant sa dérivée (appelée absorption de chaleur océanique).

Le jeu de données est livré en deux fichiers distincts. Le principal contient les variables essentielles comme les séries temporelles du contenu thermique global des océans, du déséquilibre énergétique de la Terre et leurs matrices de variance-covariance relatives. Le second fichier contient plus de variables que le 1er fichier, comme les séries temporelles des grilles de changement Ocean Mass, Sea Level et Steric Sea Level. Il inclut également des variables supplémentaires qui n'ont pas été utilisées pour le calcul du Global ocean heat content, comme les séries temporelles Global mean of ocean mass, Global mean sea level et Global mean steric sea level, mais qui peuvent néanmoins présenter un intérêt pour les utilisateurs.

Les utilisateurs trouveront donc notamment: 
- la carte régionale des tendances pour l'indicateur OHC (cf image associée à cette fiche de métadonnée),
- la série temporelle de l 'OHC global des océans (représentative du globe en fonction de la disponibilité des données d'entrée),
- la série temporelle de l'EEI (issu de l'OHC global filtré à partir de signaux inférieurs à 3 ans),
- les incertitudes associées à ces deux jeux de données.</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>Benoît Meyssignac</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>(en haut) Evolution temporelle de l'absorption globale de chaleur océanique extraite des données spatiales «altimétrie-gravimétrie». (en bas) Evolution temporelle de l'EEI approximée par les variations globales d'absorption de la chaleur des océans.</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#FR">(en haut) Evolution temporelle de l'absorption globale de chaleur océanique extraite des données spatiales «altimétrie-gravimétrie». (en bas) Evolution temporelle de l'EEI approximée par les variations globales d'absorption de la chaleur des océans.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                        <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">(top) Temporal evolution of the global ocean heat uptake retrieved from the “altimetry-gravimetry”. (Below) Temporal evolution of the Earth energy imbalance indicator approximated by the global ocean heat uptake variations.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>Le changement de l'OHC peuvent être estimées directement à partir des flux thermiques nets de surface des océans mesurés à partir des mesures spatiales CERES, des données in situ observées par les flotteurs ARGO ou des réanalyses des modèles océaniques. Nous estimons ici le changement de l'OHC à partir d'une méthode alternative basée sur des observations d'altimétrie et de gravimétrie spatiales qui complète ces autres approches et qui est très prometteuse pour réduire les estimations d'incertitude.

L'OHC est estimé à partir de la mesure de la dilatation thermique de l'océan basée sur les différences entre le contenu total du niveau de la mer dérivé des mesures altimétriques et le contenu massique dérivé des données gravimétriques, noté «altimétrie-gravimétrie».
Cette approche géodésique spatiale permet un échantillonnage spatial et temporel cohérent de l'océan. Il échantillonne la quasi-totalité des océans du monde, sauf les régions polaires où la mer est entièrement recouverte de glace de mer (c'est-à-dire essentiellement au dessus de 80°N), et il fournit des estimations des variations de l'OHC sur toute la profondeur de l'océan.

L'indicateur EEI est obenu à partir des variations temporelles du contenu en chaleur de l'océan, c'est-à-dire en calculant sa dérivée (appelée absorption de chaleur océanique). L'accumulation d'énergie dans les autres réservoirs (continents, cryosphère et atmosphère) représente environ 10% de l'IEE et est prise en compte. La valeur moyenne de l'EEI est de +0,83 W.m-2 avec une erreur de +/- 0,16 W.m-2 (dans un intervalle de confiance de 90%) et montre qu'en moyenne la Terre stocke de l'énergie. Cette valeur EEI représente une énorme quantité d'énergie lorsqu'elle est intégrée à toute la surface de la Terre au sommet de l'atmosphère (20 km) puisque l'EEI représente une absorption totale d'énergie de la Terre d'environ 400 TW (soit environ 1000 fois la puissance du parc nucléaire mondial).

References
Ablain et al., OSTST 2022: Monitoring the Ocean Heat Content change and the Earth Energy Imbalance from Space Altimetry and Gravimetry missions

Ablain, M., Meyssignac, B., Zawadzki, L., Jugier, R., Ribes, A., Spada, G., Benveniste, J., Cazenave, A. and Picot, N. (2019) Uncertainty in satellite estimates of global mean sea-level changes, trend and acceleration, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11(3), 1189–1202, doi:10.5194/essd-11-1189-2019, 2019.

Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Lemoine, J., Berthier, E., Ribes, A. and Cazenave, A. (2018) Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: implications for the global water and sea level budgets, Geophys. J. Int., 215(1), 415–430, doi:10.1093/gji/ggy293, 2018.

Marti, F., Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Ablain, M., Barnoud, A., Fraudeau, R., Jugier, R., Chenal, J., Larnicol, G., Pfeffer, J., Restano, M., and Benveniste, J.: Monitoring the ocean heat content change and the Earth energy imbalance from space altimetry and space gravimetry, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 1–32, doi: 10.5194/essd-2021-220, 2021.

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