C-RAID: Comprehensive Reprocessing of Drifting Buoy Data (1979-2018) The C-RAID (Copernicus - Reprocessing of Drifting Buoys) project delivers a comprehensive global reprocessing of historical drifting buoy data and metadata, providing climate-quality observations for marine and atmospheric research. Dataset Overview The C-RAID dataset encompasses metadata from 21 858 drifting buoys deployed between 1979 and 2018. Of these, 17 496 buoys have undergone complete reprocessing with scientific validation in delayed mode, including comparison against ERA5 reanalysis. Project Context Managed by the WMO DBCP Drifting Buoys Global Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) through Ifremer, Météo-France, and Ocean Sciences Division of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, C-RAID focuses on enhanced quality control and delivery of climate-quality drifting buoy data for the Marine Climate Data System (MCDS). Objectives - Complete reprocessing and clean-up of the historical drifting buoy data archive - Recovery and rescue of missing datasets - Reprocessing of Argos data with improved positioning using Kalman filter algorithms - Homogenization of quality control procedures across marine and atmospheric parameters Funding & Governance C-RAID was funded by the Copernicus Programme through the European Environment Agency (Contract # EEA/IDM/15/026/LOT1), supporting cross-cutting coordination activities for the in-situ component of Copernicus Services. Stakeholders & Partnerships The project is led by the DB-GDAC consortium (Ifremer, Météo-France) in collaboration with EUMETNET's E-SURFMAR programme, NOAA AOML, and JCOMMOPS. Key Achievements - Reprocessing of approximately 24 000 buoy-years of observations - Recovery of missing datasets and metadata through data rescue efforts - Implementation of homogeneous, rich metadata and data formats - Enhanced Argos location accuracy using Kalman filter reprocessing - Standardized quality control and validation procedures Data Access & FAIR Principles C-RAID provides FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data access through: - Web-based data discovery portal for human users - API services for data discovery, subsetting, and download (machine-to-machine access) Target Users The dataset serves major operational and research programmes including: - Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) - Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) - iQuam (in-situ SST Quality Monitor) - ICOADS (International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) - GHRSST (Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature) - ISPD (International Surface Pressure Databank) - ICDC (Integrated Climate Data Center)  

The OceanGliders initiative (formerly EGO) is a gathering of several teams of oceanographers, interested in developing the use of gliders for ocean observations. OceanGliders started in Europe with members from France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The partners of OceanGliders have been funded by both European and national agencies to operate gliders for various purposes and at different sites. Coordinated actions are being set up for these sites in order to demonstrate the capabilities of a fleet of gliders for sampling the ocean, with a given scientific and/or operational objective. Gliders were developed since the 90’s to carry out in-situ observations of the upper 1km of the ocean, filling the gaps left by the existing observing systems. Gliders look like small autonomous robotic underwater vehicles which that uses an engine to change their buoyancy. While gliding from surface to about 1000 meters, gliders provide real-time physical and biogeochemical data along their transit.  They observe temperature, salinity, pressure, biogeochemical data or acoustic data. The OceanGliders GDAC handled at Ifremer/France aggregates the data and metadata from glider deployments provided by the DACs or PIs. The OceanGliders unique DOI publishes the quaterly snapshot of the whole GDAC content and preserves its successive quaterly versions (unique DOI for easy citability, preservation of quaterly versions for reproducibility).   The OceanGliders unique DOI references all individual glider deployment DOIs provided by the DACs or PIs, and with data in the GDAC. DACs or PIs may use the data processing chain published at http://doi.org/10.17882/45402 to generate glider NetCDF GDAC files.

This delayed mode product designed for reanalysis purposes integrates the best available version of in situ data for ocean surface currents and current vertical profiles. It concerns three delayed time datasets dedicated to near-surface currents measurements coming from three platforms (Lagrangian surface drifters, High Frequency radars and Argo floats) and velocity profiles within the water column coming from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP, vessel mounted only). The latest version of Copernicus surface and sub-surface water velocity product is also distributed from Copernicus Marine catalogue.

This dataset provides a global Look-Up Table (LUT) of physiological ratios for the real-time adjustment of chlorophyll-a fluorescence measured by biogeochemical Argo (BGC-Argo) profiling floats. The physiological ratios aim to account for the global variability in the relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll-a concentration, as influenced by phytoplankton physiology. The LUT was developed using two different gap-filled observational Argo-based products (SOCA machine learning-based methodology ; Sauzède et al., 2016; Sauzède et al., 2024). The first product provides gap-filled chlorophyll-a data derived from fluorescence corrected for dark signal and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) following Schmechtig et al. (2023), while the second product provides chlorophyll-a concentrations derived from light attenuation. The latter is based on the downward irradiance at 490 nm (ED490) derived from the SOCA-light method (Renosh et al., 2023). From this, the diffuse attenuation coefficient (KD490) is computed, which is subsequently used to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentration through the bio-optical relationships described by Morel et al. (2007). These two products, based on fluorescence and radiometry, enable the derivation of spatially varying correction factors, or physiological ratios. These ratios provide a validated grounded framework for adjusting real-time fluorescence observations from OneArgo floats into chlorophyll-a concentrations. The LUT is distributed in NetCDF format and is provided on a regular 1°×1° latitude–longitude grid covering the global ocean. Each grid cell contains the temporal mean, averaged over the water column (from the surface to 1.5 times the euphotic depth), of the physiological ratio. The file also includes metadata describing variable definitions, units, and other relevant information. Variables included: - physiological_ratio — fluorescence-to-radiometry-based chlorophyll correction factor (dimensionless) - physiological_ratio_sd — temporal standard deviation (over the twelve months) of the fluorescence-to-radiometry-based chlorophyll correction factor (dimensionless) - lat, lon — spatial coordinates (degrees north/east) - Global attributes — dataset description, reference citation, and contact information

GOSUD aims at assembling in-situ observations of the world ocean surface collected by a variety of ships and at distributing quality controlled datasets.  At present time the variables considered by GOSUD are temperature and salinity. The GOSUD data are mostly collected using thermosalinographs (TSG) installed on research vessels, on commercial ships and in some cases on sailing exploration ships GOSUD manages both near-real time data and delayed mode (reprocessed) data.

This dataset comprises two netcdf files. The first file contains the six global two-dimensional maps necessary to implement the tidal mixing parameterization presented in de Lavergne et al. (2020). Four power fields (E_wwi, E_sho, E_cri and E_hil) represent depth-integrated internal tide energy dissipation, with units of Watts per square meter. Each power field corresponds to a specific dissipative process and associated vertical structure of turbulence production. The two remaining fields, H_cri and H_bot, are decay heights (with units of meters) that enter the vertical structures of the E_cri and E_hil components, respectively. The second file contains three-dimensional fields of turbulence production (with units of Watts per kilogram) obtained by application of the parameterization to the WOCE global hydrographic climatology. The file includes the total turbulence production (epsilon_tid), its four components (epsilon_wwi, epsilon_sho, epsilon_cri, epsilon_hil), and the underlying hydrographic fields, as a function of longitude, latitude and depth. All maps have a horizontal resolution of 0.5º. Detailed documentation of the parameterization can be found in the following publication: de Lavergne, C., Vic, C., Madec, G., Roquet, F., Waterhouse, A.F., Whalen, C.B., Cuypers, Y., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ferron, B., Hibiya, T. A parameterization of local and remote tidal mixing. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12, e2020MS002065 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002065

The DBCP – Data Buoy Cooperation Panel - is an international program coordinating the use of autonomous data buoys to observe atmospheric and oceanographic conditions, over ocean areas where few other measurements are taken. DBCP coordinates the global array of 1 600 active drifting buoys (August 2020) and historical observation from 14 000 drifting buoys. Data and metadata collected by drifting buoys are publically available in near real-time via the Global Data Assembly Centers (GDACs) in Coriolis-Ifremer (France) and MEDS (Canada) after an automated quality control (QC). In long term, scientifically quality controlled delayed mode data will be distributed on the GDACs. Disclaimer: the DB-GDAC is under construction. It is currently (January 2020) aggregating data from the Coriolis DAC (E-Surfmar, Canada). Additional DACs are considered. An interim provision from GTS real-time data to GDAC may be provided from Coriolis DAC.  

These monthly gridded climatology were produced using MBT, XBT, Profiling floats, Gliders, and ship-based CTD data from different database and carried out in the Med. between 1969 and 2013. The Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) is calculated with a delta T= 0.1 C criterion relative to 10m reference level on individual profiles. The Depth of the Bottom of the Seasonal Thermocline (DBST) is calculated on individual profiles as the maximum value from a vector composed of two elements: 1) the depth of the temperature minimum in the upper 200m; 2) the MLD. This double criterion for the calculation of DBST is necessary in areas where the mixed layer exceed 200m depth. DBST is the integration depth used in the calculation of the upper-ocean Heat Storage Rate. For more details about the data and the methods used, see: Houpert et al. 2015, Seasonal cycle of the mixed layer, the seasonal thermocline and the upper-ocean heat storage rate in the Mediterranean Sea derived from observations, Progress in Oceanography, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.11.004

Mesoscale eddy detection from 2000 to 2021 are computed using the AMEDA algorithm applied on AVISO L4 absolute dynamic topography at 1/8th degree. Eddy numbers correspond to tracks referenced in the DYNED atlas (https://doi.org/10.14768/2019130201.2). Detection is based on AVISO delyed-time product from 2000 to 2019 and on day+6 near-real-time altimetry from 2020 to 2021. Colocalisation is then made with available in situ profiles from Coriolis Ocean Dataset for Reanalysis (CORA) delayed-time data (113486 profiles) and Copernicus near-real-time profiles (43567).

The In Situ delayed mode product designed for reanalysis purposes integrates the best available version of in situ data for ocean surface currents. The data are collected from the Surface Drifter Data Assembly Centre (SD-DAC at NOAA AOML). All surface drifters data have been processed to check for drogue loss. Drogued and undrogued drifting buoy surface ocean currents are provided with a drogue presence flag as well as a wind slippage correction for undrogued buoys. Altimeter and wind data have been used to extract the direct wind slippage from the total drifting buoy velocities. This product is designed to be assimilated into or for validation purposes of operational models operated by ocean forecasting centers for reanalysis purposes or for research community. These users need data aggregated and quality controlled in a reliable and documented manner.